Hardwood regeneration related to overstory shortleaf pine basal area and site index in Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma (2007)Stevenson, D. J., Lynch, T. B., & Guldin, J. M. (2007). Hardwood regeneration related to overstory shortleaf pine basal area and site index in Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. Shortleaf pine restoration and ecology in the Ozarks: proceedings of a symposium; 2006 November 7-9; Springfield, MO. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-15. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 137. Retrieved from https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12856 Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) grows in association with many other woody species, particularly understory hardwoods, which compete with it, limiting its productivity. Along with other species, sweet-gum (Liquidambar styracifua L.) is a major competitor on better-quality sites but decreases rapidly in importance as pine site index (SI) decreases and pine overstory increases https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12856
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